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Chinese Tongzhi porcelain (1862–1874) marks the reconstruction of the Jingdezhen official kilns in the late Qing dynasty after the Taiping Rebellion which completely devastated the city of Nanjing. Already by 1853, Nanjing had fallen and was made the capital by the rebel forces. Eventually, Zeng Guofan led Qing imperial forces to defeat the rebels and restore Qing rule in Nanjing. The period was one of continued unrest. In 1856, the British attacked Guangzhou, Guangdong. They invaded the capital Beijing, looting and burning the Old Summer Palace. It was against this background of these events, and others, that the Tongzhi Emperor took to the throne and palace functions were partially restored. The official palace ceramic wares of this period are thought to reflect this general historical unrest and decline. The Jingdezhen area itself was liberated by Li Hongzhang in 1864. The new imperial kilns were to be under the directorship of the official Cai Jinching. After completion a list of ceramic wares was forwarded to the Tongzhi Emperor and is preserved in the area gazetteer ''Jiangxi tongzhi'' (江西通志). The wares consisted of round wares (yuanqi) and vases (zhuoqi). It is difficult to imagine the ceramics of this period would be dramatically different from those of the previous Daoguang period (1821–1850). Indeed many of the artisans of the early 19th century must have continued in their profession with the restorations of the kilns. Two ceramic artists associated with later productions of Qianjiang ware or porcelain decorated in sepia and pale umber pigments, Wang Shaowei and Jin Pinqing, are said to have been employed in the Tongzhi era as decorators at Jingdezhen. Certainly there was a quantitative disparity. The extant list of Tongzhi ceramics include such items as quadrangular vases with the Eight Triagrams and other items. Extant under glaze blue vases are renditions of classic shapes and patterns continuously celebrated from the 18th century. == References == *Sugimura Yuzo, ''Shin no Kanyo'' (Ching Dynasty Imperial Kilns), Tokidaikei 46, Heibonsha Press, Tokyo, 1973. *Soame Jenyns, ''Later Chinese Porcelain'', Faber and faber, London, 1951. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese Tongzhi ceramics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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